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Format for References, Citations, and Quotations
The following discussions are based from the American
Psychological Association (APA) format.
When using APA format, the author-date method of
citation is being followed. This means that the author's last name and
the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, and a
complete reference should appear in the reference list.
Examples:
Smith
(1970) compared reaction times . . .
In
a recent study of reaction times (Smith, 1970), . . . **
In
1970, Smith compared reaction times . . .
Smith, et.al., (1970) compared reaction times . . .
In
a recent study of reaction times (Smith, et.al., 1970), . . . **
In
1970, Smith, et.al., compared
reaction times . . .
Short
Quotations
To indicate short quotations (fewer than 40 words)
in your text, enclose the quotation within double quotation marks. Provide the author,
year, and specific page citation in the text, and include a complete
reference in the reference list. Punctuation marks such as periods, commas, and
semicolons should appear after the parenthetical citation. Question
marks and exclamation points should appear within the quotation marks if they
are a part of the quotation but after the parenthetical citation if they are a
part of your text.
Examples:
She stated, "The placebo effect
disappeared when behaviors were studied in this
manner" (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but
she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.**
According to Miele (1993), "the
placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were
studied in this manner" (p. 276).
Miele (1993) found that "the placebo
effect disappeared" in this case (p. 276), but
what will the next step in researching
this issue be?
Long
Quotations
Place quotations longer than 40 words in a
free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the
quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. Type the
entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent
paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain
double-spacing throughout. If you choose
to use single-spacing, then it has to be consistent all throughout the
document/essay. The parenthetical citation should come after closing
punctuation mark.
Example:
Miele's 1993 study found the following:
The
placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner.
Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs
were administered. Earlier studies conducted by the same group of researchers
at the hospital were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo
effect. (p. 276)
The reference list should appear at the end of your
document. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and
retrieve any source you cite in the document. The reference list is arranged
alphabetically regardless of its sources. Each source you cite in the document
must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list
must be cited in your text. Note that online sources are highly discouraged and
kept to a minimum.
Basic Rules
·
Authors'
names are inverted (last name first); give last name and initials for all
authors of a particular work. Your reference list should be alphabetized by
authors' last names. If you have more than one work by a particular author,
order them by publication date, oldest to newest (thus a 1991 article would
appear before a 1996 article). When an author appears as a sole author and as
the first author of a group, list the one-author entries first. If no author is
given for a particular source, alphabetize by the title of the piece and use a
shortened version of the title for parenthetical citations.
·
Use
"&" instead of "and" when listing multiple authors of a
single work.
·
Each
item in the reference list should be hanging indent.
·
All
references should be single-spaced. Each entry is separated from the
next by a double space.
·
Capitalize
only the first word of a title or subtitle of a work. Underline titles of books
and journals.
·
Note
that the underlining in entries often continues beneath commas and periods.
Basic
Forms for Sources in Print
An
article in a periodical (such as a journal, proceedings, newspaper, or
magazine)
Author,
A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year of Publication, add month and of publication for
daily, weekly, or monthly publications). Title of article. Title of
periodical, Volume Number, pages.
N.B. You
need list only the volume number if the periodical uses continuous pagination
throughout a particular volume. If each issue begins with page 1, then you
should list the issue number as well: Title of Periodical, Volume
(Issue), pages.
Examples:
Journal article, one author
Harlow,
H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal
of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.
Journal article, more than one author
Kernis,
M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's
more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability
of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65,
1190-1204.
Conference proceedings
Orasan, C. & Krishnamurthy
R. (2000). An Open Architecture for the Construction and Administration of
Corpora. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Language
Resources and Evaluation (LREC-2000), pp. 22-29.
Work discussed in a secondary source
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B.,
Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993).
Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing
approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.
N.B.
Give the secondary source in the references list; in the text, name the
original work, and give a citation for the secondary source. For example, if
Seidenberg and McClelland's work is cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not
read the original work, list the Coltheart et al. reference in the References.
In the text, use the following citation: Seidenberg and McClelland's study (as
cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993)
Magazine article, one author
Henry, W. A.,
III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135,
28-31.
A
non periodical (such as a book, report, brochure, or audiovisual media)
Author,
A. A. (Year of Publication). Title of
work: Capital letter also for subtitle.
Location: Publisher.
N.B. For
"Location," you should always list the city, but you should also
include the state if the city is unfamiliar or if the city could be confused
with one in another state.
Examples:
Book
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia,
R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal publication.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
A government publication
National Institute of Mental
Health. (1990). Clinicaltraining in serious mental illness (DHHS
Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
A book or article with no author or editor named
Merriam-Webster's collegiate
dictionary (10th ed.).
(1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
New drug appears to sharply cut
risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post,
p. A12.
N.B.
For parenthetical citations of sources with no author named, use a shortened
version of the title instead of an author's name. Use quotation marks and
underlining as appropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of the two
sources above would appear as follows: (Merriam-Webster's, 1993) and
("New Drug," 1993).
A translated work and/or a republished work
Laplace, P. S. (1951). A
philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory,
Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814)
A review of a book, film, television program, etc.
Baumeister, R. F. (1993).
Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero
under control]. Contemporary
Psychology, 38, 466-467.
An entry in an encyclopedia
Bergmann, P. G. (1993).
Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508).
Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Part
of a non-periodical (such as a book chapter or an article in a collection)
Author,
A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of Publication). Title of chapter. In A.
Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher.
N.B. When
you list the pages of the chapter or essay in parentheses after the book title,
use "pp." before the numbers: (pp. 1-21). This abbreviation, however,
does not appear before the page numbers in periodical references.
Example:
An article or chapter of a book
O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J.
(1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: Metaphor for healing,
transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues across
the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York: Springer.
Basic
Forms for Electronic Sources
A
web page
Author,
A. A. (Date of Publication or Revision). Title of full work [online].
Available: full web address. (Date of access).
N.B.
"Date of access" should indicate the date you visited the website.
This is important because online information is frequently altered.
Example:
Daly, B. (1997). Writing
argumentative essays. [online]. Available:
http://www.eslplanet.com/teachertools/argueweb/frntpage.htm. (May 12, 1998)
An
online journal or magazine
Author,
A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of Publication). Title of article. In Title
of full work [online]. Available: full web address (Date of access).
Example:
Kenneth, I. (1995). A Buddhist
response to the nature of human rights. [9 pars.] Journal of Buddhist Ethics
[online serial], 2. Available: http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html.
(June 15, 1998)
Email
Because e-mail is a personal communication, not easily
retrieved by the general public, no entry appears in your reference list. When
you cite an email message in the body of your paper, acknowledge it in your
parenthetical citation: The novelist has repeated this idea recently (Salman
Rushdie, email to author, May 1, 1995).
The Publication Manual of the APA provides extensive examples covering a
wide variety of potential sources. Below are some of the most commonly cited
kinds of sources. If your particular source is not listed below, use the basic
forms (above) to determine the correct format, check the Publication Manual,
or call or email the Writing Lab for help at (765) 494-3723 or owl@cc.purdue.edu. (Many of these examples
are taken from the Publication Manual.)
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